Pallet with pallet RFID reader/writer for conducting on-demand pallet inventory

ABSTRACT

A material handling apparatus has a communications device associated therewith. The device includes a reader/writer for communicating with RF tags located on products supported upon the apparatus and with RF tags located within distribution networks. A further aspect of the present invention provides a RF tag attached to the apparatus and the device. In still another aspect of the present invention, a wireless local area network communications device is incorporated with the read/writer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/704,613 filed on Feb. 7, 2007 which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/102,221 filed on Apr. 8, 2005 which claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/770,097 filed on Jan. 24, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,943,678 issued Sep. 13, 2005, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/177,383, filed on Jan. 24, 2000. The disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention generally relates to thermoformed apparatus and more particularly to a polymeric pallet or container having a communications device.

2. Description of the Prior Art

The 48 inch by 40 inch wood pallet is an integral part of North America's distribution system, and is involved in one way or another in the movement of the significant proportion of all goods bought and sold. According to Material Handling Engineering, (October 1999), page 16, the U.S. Forest Services estimates there are 1.9 billion wooden pallets in America. Approximately 400 million new pallets are needed each year. 175 million of these are pallets repaired for reuse by industry. Therefore, roughly 225 million new wooden pallets enter the supply chain each year. The standard 48 inch by 40 inch wood pallet makes up a significant proportion of the total number of wood pallets within the over-all distribution system.

U.S. Forest Service researchers also found that 225 million wooden pallets are sent to landfills each year. According to CHEP Equipment Pooling Systems, the largest third party pallet leasing company with 94 million wooden pallets, the average 48 inch by 40 inch wooden pallet weighs between 28 pounds and 65 pound at time of manufacture (dry). These traditional wooden pallets range from 48 pounds to 110 pounds in weight (wet) at time of recycling or disposal. Using these figures, approximately 17.8 billion pounds of wood is deposited in landfills each year. APA, the Engineered Wood Association, estimates that a standard 48 inch by 40 inch style lumber stringer pallet has a three year life. The three year cost for this style of wooden pallet is estimated to be $11.74. A three year life is based on 15-24 trips per year. Conventional wooden pallets have limited residual value at the end of their useful life cycle.

According to the Grocery Manufacturers of America (hereinafter “GMA”), the largest end-user of traditional 48 inch by 40 inch wooden pallets within the North American distribution system, the current wooden pallet exchange system costs the industry nearly $2 billion to operate in 1991. For example, the trucking industry is unable to optimize semi trailer loading or per-unit transportation costs because GMA style pallets are not capable of true four-way entry. Drivers are required to exchange loaded pallets for empty pallets after delivery, and because of manual pallet handling injuries, workers compensation claims are significant. Grocery distributors are unable to use automated material handling equipment efficiently because unacceptable wooden pallets must be removed from the pallet supply chain. Grocery manufacturers and shippers experience product damage because of design flaws in traditional wooden pallets. Furthermore, unit loading is not evenly distributed with stringer pallet designs, which results in product and packaging damaged in transport. Manufacturers must use stronger and costlier packaging because of wooden pallet problems. Wooden pallet sanitation and moisture absorption difficulties affect meat and other food processors. Moreover, general pallet deterioration, manifested by protruding nails and staples, splintered wood and missing stringers, results in significant inefficiencies within the over-all distribution system.

More and more companies are finding it preferable to employ third-party pallet management services to control the costs and logistics of using wooden pallets. For example, some fruit growers require pallets on a seasonal basis. Wooden pallets may therefore be rented for short or long terms from third parties. Third party service companies offer nationwide access to pools of wooden pallets, have responsibility for collecting and redeploying pallets where they are needed, and keep the pallet pool at a relatively high level of quality to move product through the distribution channel. The pallet tracking and retrieval systems deployed by the third party providers are more elaborate and efficient than other segments within the wooden pallet market. For example, bar code labels have been used to manage the efficiency of conventional pallet assets. A direct line of sight is, however, required by the scanner to read a bar card label. The performance of these systems has been generally unreliable and costly to implement within a wooden pallet environment.

Conventional Radio Frequency Identification (hereinafter “RFID”) systems have also been used but without success for a number of reasons. For instance, there are too many makes and models of 48 inch by 40 inch wooden pallet in the market. Also, a standard protocol has not been advanced. Furthermore, pallet handling procedures, material deterioration, product damage and repair practices require a more robust RFID tag technology than is currently available and wood is not a stable platform for the attachment of many types of RFID tags. Additionally, radio frequencies are absorbed by moisture in wood, which makes tag reads unreliable. Standard harsh operating conditions within the wooden pallet distribution system, such as thermal shock, sanitation, flexure, vibration, compressive forces, and fork impacts, can cause tag transponder coils to break and fail.

The velocity at which 48 inch by 40 inch wooden pallets travel through the distribution system is far less than optimum because a significant proportion of wooden pallets are not suitable for transporting goods, damage free. Although 175 million pallets are repaired each year, industry observers claim as many as 70% of all wooden pallets have deteriorated from their original specifications. Unacceptable wooden pallets have to be separated from acceptable wooden pallets, which is time consuming, injurious and wasteful. Accordingly, a far larger pool of wooden pallets is maintained in operation than would otherwise be required under optimum conditions. The traditional 48 inch by 40 inch wooden pallet is therefore tremendously inefficient, costing industry billions of dollars annually. Wooden pallets also have considerable negative societal and environmental impacts because the recourses used to purchase, repair and dispose wooden pallets could be more effectively deployed in other less costly product technology alternatives.

Accordingly, plastic pallets have been used to replace wood pallets with some degree of success over the past several years. Plastic pallets are known for their longevity and are generally more durable, lighter weight, compatible with automated material handling equipment, easily sanitized and 100 percent recyclable. Conventional plastic pallets, however, suffer from one significant disadvantage in that they cost considerably more than a comparable wooden pallet. Thermoplastic materials constitute a significant proportion of the total cost of a plastic pallet, and a given amount of relatively expensive plastic material is required to produce a pallet with a measure of load-bearing strength that is comparable to wooden pallets.

As another example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,569 which issued to Mish et al. proposes applying a pressure sensitive tape to the backside of a tag carrier and affixing the carrier to an object. Generally speaking, however, exterior attachment methodologies are not sufficiently robust and durable. Tags affixed to the exterior of the pallet can be damaged through wear and tear, sanitation, forklift impacts, and the like. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,936,527 which issued to Isaacman, et al., proposes a “cell” comprising a host transceiver and several local hard lined interrogators that detect local tags. In the Isaacman arrangement, several cells can be networked, which allows any tagged object to be identified from any PC within a multi-cell network.

It is significant that plastic pallet suppliers has been unable to physically identify, locate and track, in real time, comparatively expensive plastic pallets within networks of distribution. It is one thing to lose a low cost wooden pallet, but it is another to loose an expensive asset. Different technologies have been proposed to attempt tracking of pallet assets within the distribution system, but these proposals have been incomplete with respect to system architectures, protocols and plastic pallet design intent. Barcodes have been used, but these require a direct line of sight and have therefore been difficult to implement. RFID tags have been placed upon traditional molded pallets to locate and track their positions within the distribution system, but this type of pallet is so much more expensive than a comparable wooden pallet that the cost justification for implementation is not economical.

Moreover, it is known that conditions within the operating environment affect the performance of the RFID system. Several U.S. patents disclose protocols, circuitry architectures and other enabling methods for ensuring the interrogator properly communicates with one or more tags within an interrogation zone; these include: U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,648 which issued to Shindley et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,416 which issued to Snodgrass et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,775 which issued to Tuttle et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,819 which issued to Roesner et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,348 which issued to Walezak et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,822,714 which issued to Cato; U.S. Pat. No. 5,929,779 which issued to MacLellen et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,987 which issued to Heinrich et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,950 which issued to Gallagher et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,963,144 which issued to Kruest and U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,570 which issued to Black et al. Still other proposals are offered to overcome the antenna-to-antenna communication difficulties conventionally experienced by tag carriers, such as pallets, as they travel through interrogation fields or portals. The rapidly changing angular geometry of a tag passing through a field or portal results in a diminishing duration and strength of signal transmission, which can produce unreliable tag reading results. The following U.S. Patents Nos. propose solutions to this particular problem: U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,457 which issued to Ghaffari et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,423 which issued to Ghaffari et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,928 which issued to Pritchett et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,995,898 which issued to Tuttle; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,999,091 which issued to Wortham.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention there is provided a container manifest tracking system that includes a radio frequency identification (RFID) contents reader affixed to a container in which a plurality of RFID tagged items are deposed. The contents reader has an effective range sufficient to reach all the tagged items and being configured to periodically collect identification information from all of the tagged items. A manifest database is affixed to the container and is accessible by the contents reader for storing the periodically collected information. A timer is affixed to the container and accessible by the contents reader to the periodic collection. An active RFID emulator is affixed to the container configured to respond to an external reader activation code by receiving the periodically collected information stored in the manifest database and transmitting the identification information to the external reader.

Further in accordance, with the present invention, there is provided an automated method that includes the steps of affixing a radio frequency identification (RFID) contents reader to a container in which a plurality of RFID tagged items are disposed. The contents reader has an effective range sufficient to reach all the tagged items. Identification information is periodically collected by the contents reader from all of the tagged items. The periodically collected information is stored by the contents reader in a manifest database also affixed to the container. Further, there is provided the step of emulating an active RFID tag emulator affixed to the container responsive to an external reader activation code by receiving the periodically collected information stored in the manifest database and transmitting the identification information to the external reader.

Further the present invention is directed to a container manifest tracking system that includes a radio frequency identification (RFID) contents reader affixed to a container in which a plurality of RFID tagged items are disposed. The contents reader is configured to collect and store identification information from all of the tagged items. An active RFID tag emulator is affixed to the container configured to respond to an external reader activation code by receiving the collected information from the affixed RFID contents reader and by transmitting the identification information to the external reader.

Further in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an automatic method that includes the steps of affixing the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) contents reader to a container in which a plurality of RFID tagged items are disposed. A RFID emulator is affixed to the container. The RFID contents reader collects identification information from the tagged items disposed in the container. The collected identification information is received by the RFID emulator from the RFID contents reader. Responsive to an external reader identification code, a RFID tag is emulated by the RFID tag emulator by transmitting the collected identification information to the external reader.

Further in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an article of manufacture that includes a radio frequency identification (RFID) contents reader affixed to a container in which a plurality of RFID tagged items are disposed. A RFID tag emulator is affixed to the container. A computer readable memory suitable for encoding software is disposed to be accessed by the RFID contents reader and by the RFID emulator. One or more software programs are encoded in the medium configured to performing the steps of collecting by the RFID contents reader identification information from the tagged items disposed in the container. The RFID emulator receives and collects identification information from the RFID contents reader. Responsive to an external reader and activation code, the RFID emulator emulates a RFID tag by transmitting the collected identification information to the external reader.

Further in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method to improve polling accuracy in a radio frequency identification (RFID) system that includes the steps of creating a current set of inventory information for a shipping container. The current set is based on data of RFID tags attached to a plurality of items in the shipping container. Further the current set is generated via an interrogation by a first tag reader of the plurality subsequent to the plurality being placed in the shipping container. Further in the first tag reader is either inside or attached to the shipping container. The current set is stored by the first tag reader in a container tag. The container tag includes a RFID tag inside or attached the shipping container. Data of at least some of the current set from the container tag is received by a second tag reader. The second tag reader is located external to the shipping container.

Further in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a radio frequency identification (RFID) polling apparatus that includes a first tag reader configured to be placed in a shipping container. The shipping container is arranged to contain a first plurality of items. Further the first tag reader is configured to interrogate the shipping container and generate data of a current based on transmissions of an interrogation of RFID tags attached to the first plurality of items subsequent to the first plurality of items being placed in the shipping container. Further the first tag reader is configured to update the data for the current inventory based on periodic interrogations. A container tag is configured to be placed in or on the shipping container. The shipping container is configured to store the data of the current inventory and transmit at least a portion of the data of the current inventory to a second tag reader located outside the shipping container.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a preferred embodiment of a thermoformed pallet having a radio frequency device of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a fragmentary perspective view showing a twin sheet variation of the present invention pallet.

FIG. 3 is a perspective and fragmentary view showing a second variation of the present invention pallet.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing the radio frequency device employed in the present invention pallet.

FIGS. 5-7 are diagrammatic views showing the manufacturing process employed with the present invention pallet.

FIG. 8 is diagrammatic perspective view showing the orientation of one radio frequency device arrangement incorporated into the present invention pallet.

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic view showing the manufacturing process employed with the present invention pallet.

FIGS. 10-12 are cross sectional views showing various radio frequency device locations within the present invention pallet.

FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic view showing the interaction between an interrogator and the radio frequency device employed with the present invention pallet.

FIG. 14 is a top elevational view showing an exemplary radio frequency device orientation employed with the present invention pallet.

FIG. 15 is a diagrammatic view showing the interaction between the interrogator and radio frequency device employed with the present invention pallet.

FIG. 16 is an exploded perspective view showing an interrogator incorporated into an alternate embodiment of the present invention pallet.

FIG. 17 is a cross sectional view showing replacement of a battery for the alternate embodiment of the present invention pallet.

FIG. 18 is a flow chart showing another preferred embodiment of the present invention pallet.

FIG. 19 is a diagrammatic view showing another preferred embodiment manufacturing process employed with the present invention pallet.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view showing the present invention pallet of FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a fragmentary side elevation view showing the present invention pallet of FIG. 20.

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment tank container of the present invention.

FIG. 23 is a diagrammatic view showing another preferred embodiment tank container of the present invention.

FIG. 24 is an exploded perspective view showing an alternate embodiment renewable power supply device employed in the present invention apparatus.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIGS. 1-3, the preferred embodiments of a pallet apparatus 2 of the present invention employs a nesting pallet 4 and a communications device, such as a radio frequency identification device 16. Nesting pallet 4 has downwardly extending pallet legs 6 which are receivable in pallet pockets 8 of an adjacent pallet to provide a nesting configuration for consolidated storage and transportation. Pallet 4 is made of a plurality of polymeric plastic sheets thermoformed into a single article. Pallet 4 includes a top plastic sheet 10 and a bottom plastic sheet 12. This arrangement is referred to as a twin sheet construction. In one preferred embodiment, plastic sheet 14, shown in FIG. 3, is sandwiched between sheets 10 and 12, in what is referred to as a triple sheet construction. One advantage of a triple sheet construction is that the same load bearing strength of a twin sheet construction can be provided with a much lower measure of relatively expensive plastic in a triple sheet construction. Therefore, depending upon the criteria of the end-user, triple sheet constructions can be used to provide either a lower cost or a stronger pallet 4. The present invention pallet 4 can be made in accordance with U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/377,792, entitled “Triple Sheet Thermoforming Apparatus, Methods and Articles” which was filed on Aug. 20, 1999 by S. Muirhead; this is incorporated by reference herein. In summary, this method of triple sheet thermoforming provides the same measure of load bearing strength with 25 percent to 50 percent less plastic material than current state of the art twin sheet thermoformed pallets. However, twin sheet thermoformed pallets characterized by U.S. Pat. No. 4,428,306 to Dresen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,760 to Jordan et al., or U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,064 to Shuert, can be used to practice certain aspects of the invention; these patents are incorporated by reference herein. A triple sheet thermoformed pallet is preferred because it provides a higher measure of strength for the given measure of plastic used by a twin sheet pallet, and is therefore more economically fulfilling the need for a low cost alternative to wooden pallets.

The RFID system is minimally composed of three components including an interrogator (reader or exciter), tag devices 16, and a host computer. The tag is alerted by a radio frequency wave transmitted by the interrogator to return a data message by arrangement. The information stored in memory is thus transmitted back to the interrogator. Information received by an interrogator is used by a host computer to provide a reliable and a secure architecture that meets predetermined performance requirements. In passive RFID systems, the RF field generates voltage that is rectified to power the tag. In active RFID systems, a battery is the source of a tag's power supply. Both passive and active RFID devices may be embedded within the structure of the preferred plastic pallet.

Radio frequency identification tags and interrogators can be made in accordance with the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,027 entitled “Luggage Tag Assembly” which issued to Smithgall on Feb. 22, 2000 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,949 entitled “Miniature Radio Frequency Transceiver” which issued to Tuttle on Jan. 11, 2000. Both of these patents are incorporated by reference herein.

RFID device 16 is encapsulated between the sheets forming pallet 4. In general, thermoplastic resins are extruded through a machine that produces a selective sheet or web of heat deformable plastic. As the preformed sheet or web travels through the extruder, one or more surfaces of the sheet receives one or more RFID tags. This may be done automatically or manually such that the tag is located on the plastic according to predetermined criteria corresponding to a select molding position upon the thermoforming tooling. Sheet thus tagged moves through a thermoforming machine that molds said sheet into a finished pallet. The tag or tags are sandwiched between the sheets of plastic forming the pallet at predetermined locations. In this manner, the tag is embedded, isolated, protected and contained in a fluid tight plastic barrier that is resilient and long lasting and not externally, physically visible. In order to ensure the RFID device is not damaged in the thermoforming process of preference, a high temperature RFID device methodology, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,973,599 which issued to Nicholson et al., may be used; this patent is also incorporated by reference herein. The location of the device within the pallet is selected for system requirements. A plurality of locations can be used by cross-referencing machine and extrusion direction dimension references upon the plastic sheet with their counter part locations upon the properly thermoformed article. Thus, through such registration techniques, a consistent location for positioning the tag upon the sheet relative to its selected location in the finished part can be repeated with a high degree of certainty. In more detail, molded-in structures of the plastic pallet may be adapted to further protect the RFID device from flexural and compressive forces that may other wise damage the device.

The RFID device 16 is part of a system in which data about the pallet 2 is stored for retrieval according to system criteria. The advantage of encapsulating RFID device 16 within the structure a pallet 4 is so that the device 16 is protected from the harsh environment that pallet 4 must operate within.

There are a number of methods that can be used to insert a RFID device 16 within thermoformed pallet 4. In one embodiment, RFID device 16 is a passive RFID tag 18. An example of such a passive tag 18 is shown in FIG. 4. Tag 18 comprises an antenna coil 20, modulation circuitry 22 and micro-memory chip, or integrated circuit 24. Tag 18 is ultra thin, and in the order of 1 and ½ square inches. A plurality of tags 18 are normally placed upon a polymer tape substrate by the tag manufacturer and delivered on reels for integration into a manufacturing process.

A plastic sheet is heated to a deformable temperature before it is molded by differential vacuum pressure over a mold. Intervention is required to integrate the tag 18 into the present thermoforming process in order to minimize stretching and heat deformation of the PET substrate. As shown in FIGS. 4-6, the first means of intervention includes depositing the coil 20 and circuitry 22 (composed of printable conductive ink) and the memory chip 24 upon a flexible film substrate 26. Substrate 26 is composed of a plastic material that has a high heat deflection capability of >600° F. such as Rodgers Engineering's electrical grade HT 12-1024 resin. After the tag 18 components are deposited onto the substrate 26, a film substrate 28 of substantially the same construction is laminated over substrate 26 with a suitable high temperature resistant adhesive 30 there between to provide a double layered substrate assembly 32. A first pressure sensitive, double sided film 36 a is then applied to substrate assembly 32 on the substrate side. Substrate assembly 32 is subsequently sliced or severed such that individual tags 18 a are produced. The tags 18 are separately and possibly sequentially deposited onto a paper or plastic carrier 34 with a single sided, pressure sensitive adhesive film 36 b. Plastic carrier 34 is wound around a hub 38 to produce a reel 40 that comprises a plurality of tags 18 that adhered to the surface of a plastic sheet by way of first adhesive film 36 a.

This arrangement produces a tag construction that is resistant to deformation under the short-term and high heat environment of the thermoforming process. Substrate 32 of tag 18 will not significantly stretch as the attached sheet 62 is deformed over a three dimensional molding surface. Moments of shear at the location of the tag 18 will also be deflected through movement of the adhesive film 36 a. Adhesive 30 will deflect compression upon the memory chip by providing a compression buffer (thickness) equal to the elevation of the memory chip 24. In this manner, the tag 18 is developed to sustain the rigors of thermoforming.

Another alternate variation of the communications device in the structure of the pallet provides a power supply, an antenna, a radio frequency transmitter, a radio frequency receiver, a digital signal processor, a pallet information memory chip set, a pallet identification reader card, and circuitry. The memory chip set controls the function of the communicator and the identification reader card identifies the communicator and pallet. The communications device will thereby remotely communicate with an external interrogator in a wireless manner, such as by cellular telephone types of transmissions. This is used to instruct the interrogator to then query tags on or in the pallet or container. The interrogator also includes a power supply, an antenna, a radio frequency transmitter, a radio frequency receiver, a data processing micro-controller and circuitry.

Referring to FIG. 7, an X-Y gantry 42 is positioned along the path traveled by the web 44 of plastic material produced by the sheet extrusion machine (not shown). Gantry 42 cooperates with a programmable logic controller (hereinafter “PLC”) 46 that is connected to a local area networked personal computer (hereinafter “LAN PC”) 48. Gantry 42 comprises linear high-speed indexer 50 that travels horizontally back and forth according to instructions from PLC 46. Indexer 50 further comprises a reel 40 (see FIG. 6)-to-reel 52 winder apparatus 54 with a vertical press 56. As the web 44 travels through the gantry 42, indexer 50 travels to a pre-defined location 58, the winder apparatus 54 meters the reel 40 forward, carrying tag 18 into vertical alignment with press 56. Press 56 is instructed to travel vertically to stamp tag 18 onto the web 44. Plastic web 44 travels the length of the extruder and is finally sheared into a standardized sheet dimension at the end of the line thereby defining sheet 62. Subsequently, the sheet and tag 18 are transported to a thermoforming machine for processing.

Referring to FIG. 8, plastic web 44 is adapted in the machine and extrusion directions to produce a plastic sheet that is dimensioned to be thermoformed against four separate molding application surfaces 64 a, 64 b, 64 c and 64 d, illustrated separately by dashed line areas. In this manner, four pallets 4 are produced simultaneously in the thermoforming operation. Multiple tags 18 are located on sheet 62. On each of surfaces 64 a and 64 b, there are three tags 18. There are also two tags 18 on surfaces 64 c and 64 d. Thus, batches of pallets 4 can be custom made for different end-uses. The PC 48 interfaces with PLC 46 to instruct indexer 50 to deposit tags 18 in a selective manner. In other embodiments of the present invention, there may be multiple gantries 42 or multiple indexers 50 on one gantry 42 for depositing a variety of RFID tags 18 a, 18 b, 18 c, 18 d and 18 e upon sheet 62. Alternatively, host computer 80 may interface with LAN PC instructing further systems (not shown) to apply a sequential array of tags 18 a, 18 b, 18 c, 18 d or 18 e upon the carrier 34 (see FIG. 6) producing reel 40, in the corresponding order to their deposition upon the sheet 62.

In the preferred order of arrangement shown in FIG. 9, sheet 62 is thermoformed against a female mold located upon the lower platen of the thermoforming machine. In this manner, when sheet 62 is thermoformed, tags 18 will be encapsulated when molded sheet 68 is selectively fused to sheet 62 in the thermoforming process. This creates a protective barrier around the each tag 18. It should be appreciated, however, that other sheet forming sequences may be utilized in a variety of thermoforming techniques to accomplish the present method.

One of the tags 18, in this example tag 18 a, interfaces with a Manufacturing Management System (hereinafter “MMS”) deployed throughout the overall manufacturing infrastructure. Sheets 62, 68 and 70 (in the triple sheet method) are conveyed to a thermoforming machine RF interrogator field 72, where a RFID tag interrogator 74 identifies and reads data stored on tags 18 a. Tags 18 a send preprogrammed data packages back to interrogator 74 a. Interrogator 74 a interfaces with LAN PC 76 connected to thermoforming machine PLC 78 interfacing through LAN to MMS host computer 80. PLC 78 instructs machine and ancillary equipment how to process the plastic sheets 62, 68 and/or 70. PLC 76 next instructs tooling 77 how to process the plastic sheets 62, 68 and/or 70. If MMS criteria are not met, the thermoforming process is disabled. If MMS criteria are met, tag 18 a traverses an interrogator field 82 and tag 18 a writes and locks final data into non-volatile tag 18 a memory before the pallet 4 exits said field to enter the supply chain. Other tags 18 b, 18 c, 18 d and 18 e do not interface with interrogator. fields 72 and 82.

Referring now to FIG. 10, pallet 4 is adapted to enhance the ability of devices 16 to survive long term pallet handling wear and tear. In particular, the tines 82 of a forklift vehicle 131 are used to move pallets 4 throughout the distribution network. When tines 82 are introduced between pallet legs 6 in order to support the weight of the pallet 4 for transportation, several potentially damaging events may occur. For example, the tines 82 may impact the sidewalls 84 of the Pallet 4 or the legs 6. Therefore, when systems (new and pre-existing) criteria necessitates a relatively close read range, and it is desirable to position the devices 16 in the area of a side wall 84 or the outside feet 86, it would be advantageous to affix devices 16, such as tags 18 on the lower sheet of plastic 12 away from potential areas of tine 82 impacts. Devices 16 can also be advantageously positioned on sheet 10 as may be preferred in the embodiment used, with several acceptable locations being shown. As tines 82 are introduced through pallet 4, abrasion and shear may also occur along the path traveled by the tines 82. Accordingly, locations containing devices 16 may be reinforced to absorb, and protect a device chamber 88 within which the devices 16 reside. This is illustrated in FIG. 11. A variety of potential chamber designs are possible in both twin and triple sheet constructions. In twin sheet constructions, the preferred methodology is to encapsulate each device 16 between two sheets of plastic 10 and 12 in an arrangement that provides compressive, flexural, shear and anti-abrasion strength in a zone 90 contiguous to the chamber 88. A vertical side wall 92 of sheet 12 circumventing chamber 88 may incorporate vertical details 94 and/or horizontal details 96, improving the strengthening criteria. Chamber 88 is further strengthened by top sheet 10 being locally recessed or lowered in side-to-side elevation so as to position the chamber away from the load bearing surface of pallet 4 and in particular the edges of packaging and objects supported thereon.

In triple sheet constructions, other pallet strengthening techniques can be used to increase the survivability of devices 16 within chamber 88. Sheets 62, 68 and 70 are formed to substantially position chamber 88 between the top load-bearing surface 98 and the bottom tine contacting surface 100 of pallet 4 so that the devices 16 are isolated from damaging events within the core of the pallet 4. This arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 12.

As understood in reference to FIG. 13, devices 16, and in particular tag 18 b, are transported through zone 102 proximate interrogator 104. Interrogator 104 interfaces with a LAN PC 106 networked to a Warehouse Management System (hereinafter “WMS”). This creates an implementation criteria that is reliable and secure for data retrieval and storage occurring while the pallet 4 transits through zone 102. When the read/write distance capability of the interrogator 104 is limited and necessitates a predetermined orientation of pallet 4, some inconvenience may occur because the pallet 4 will have to be rotated 180°. As this is impractical within a smooth flowing WMS, two means of interventions may be taken to prevent this undesired handling. A first means is to apply color-coded polymeric strip 110 upon the plastic sheet 70 (see FIGS. 19 and 20) at the time of extrusion which corresponds to the location of the devices 16. In this manner, the pallet may be oriented by visual design for expediency. This will be discussed in further detail hereinafter.

System interference may also occur if a nearby devices 16 travels outside the interrogation zone 102 but through the interrogator's signal pattern 112. Similarly, as the pallet 4 is traveling through the WMS, device 16 may excite other interrogators coming within reader range. These occurrences may lead to unreliable data. In order to minimize these and other potential problems, it is preferred to encapsulate devices 16 along a center axis 114 of pallet 4. This is shown in FIG. 14. Axis 114 may progress from either the long or short side of a 48 inch by 40 inch pallet 4. Devices 16 are positioned along an axis 114, which resides in a zone 115 contiguous to the center leg 116 of the pallet 4. In this manner, the tag 18 can be interrogated from either the right or left hand side of the pallet 4.

Referring to FIG. 15, where a RFID system is being employed within a new setting, it is advantageous to position elements of a fixed field interrogator, such as a transit portal 117, upon, below or well above the ground along the path transited by the pallet 4. Accordingly, an over or an under bearing RF link is provided when pallet 4 travels through the interrogator field 102 b. This arrangement also ensures that spaced apart metal tines 82 do not deflect interrogator signals, thus causing unreliable reads. In the preferred embodiment, elements of the interrogator that are positioned for an over or under bearing read pattern include the interrogator antenna assembly 118 and transmitter and receiver modules 120 and 122, respectively, and an interrogator data processing and control module 124, which is proximate LAN PC 126. With this arrangement, improved read capability is integral to criteria for implementation reliability and security.

It may also be understood in connection with FIG. 15, that PC 126 may communicate with read result display(s) 127 a positioned proximate interrogation zone 102 b in a fixed location visible to the operator controlling the movement of the pallet, or wirelessly to a display 127 b on a console 129 of a motorized pallet transporting vehicle 131. In this manner, the system is integrated to facilitate economical movement of pallets 4 through interrogation portal 117 and distribution network.

In the present invention, a pallet and corresponding load of tagged objects, or stack of pallets, is positioned within the interrogation zone by a manually operated motorized pallet transporting vehicle. The interrogation field detects the vehicle within the zone by a triggering device. The interrogator communicates with the tags in the zone, and upon completion of this task, communicates with a visual message delivery device that is operative to instruct the driver to exit the interrogation field or pass through the portal. An LED light or the equivalent can be positioned on the drive console of the vehicle to inform the driver to stop and proceed. A stop and go light arrangement can also be positioned within the field of view of the driver to achieve the desired communication. Alternatively, the host computer receiving pallet information can interface with pallet transporting vehicle by displaying on a console where the pallet is to be stored within the warehouse.

Reference should now be made of FIG. 16. Another feature of the present invention employs encapsulating interrogator communications device 130 between the sheets forming the pallet 4. Interrogator 130 could be adapted through system architecture to take an inventory of the tags 18 or sub-set of tags 18 residing upon the pallet 4. It should be appreciated that interrogator 130 is a substantially larger device 16 than tag 18. It may therefore be impractical to encapsulate the interrogator 130 within the pallet 4 in the process manner outlined above. In order to insert the interrogator 130 within the pallet 4, the following methodologies would be preferred. In a twin sheet pallet construction, interrogator 130 is delivered to a selected location by means of a shuttle type delivery system that is adapted to move from a position outside the form station where apparatus loads an interrogator from a supply, to a position inside the form station, where the apparatus unloads the interrogator; it then shuttles back to load another interrogator, in between the time the first sheet 10 is thermoformed and when it is sequentially fused to thermoformed second sheet 12. The shuttle type delivery system could also be adapted to locate a plurality of devices 16, also including tags 18, between the time the first sheet 10 is molded and the second sheet 12 is fused to the first sheet 10 in a twin sheet construction. A shuttle system of the type may alternately be substituted with a robotic arm.

It will also be appreciated that interrogator 130 will draw a considerable amount of power for operation. Interrogator 130 is therefore active, with power supplied from a battery 132. From time to time, interrogator battery 132 may be replaced according to a maintenance schedule contained in data array of one of tags 18, preferably tag 18 a. As was also the case with tags 18, interrogator 130 will fail if delicate instruments 133, memory and integrated circuit chips 133 a or circuitry 135 printed on a circuit board 137 are damaged during the high temperature and compression events of the thermoforming process. Intervention is thus required to insert battery-powered device(s) 16 between sheets of plastic.

Interrogator 130 is enclosed in a heat and compression resistant thermoplastic housing 134. The housing base 134 b has a flange and thread section 135. Thread section 135 accepts a thermoplastic seal and threaded plate 136. The plate 136 is removable to replace or recharge battery 132. Tags 18 may also be embedded in pallet 4 inside housing 134. Alternatively, tags 18 are manufactured or deposited upon circuit board 137 of interrogator 130. As shown battery, 132 may be mounted to plate 136 adapted to reconnect the battery as the plate is threaded to a closed position. Spring terminals 138, concentrically arranged about an axis corresponding to the rotational path of the terminals 139 on the affixed battery 132, are developed to ensure robust connection and enduring power supply. An EMI shield 141 is provided to prevent tag reading interference; otherwise multiple pallets with goods on each pallet stored on warehouse racking may demand the use of a directional antenna 142. Housing flange 135 is larger in diameter than the circuit board assembly. The circuit board assembly can be removed for maintenance, upgrading and recycling of the pallet 4. It is preferred that the housing 134 is recyclable with pallet when emptied. Other arrangements enclosing the devices in protective housings to withstand the rigors of thermoforming are also practical.

In order for the pallet interrogator 130 to communicate with a LAN PC, a Wireless Wide Area Communication System 140 is added. System 140 can be a cellular communicator inter-operating in an open standard environment. In the event FCC's E-911 mandate precludes utilizing cellular communications in this application (i.e. GPS), an alternative technology that can be used is wireless PC communications. The circuitry of a RF based interface PC card for a mobile PC device could be deposited upon circuit board 137. A local area Ethernet communicator interfaces the PC card circuitry with a LAN PC, and through the LAN PC by the Internet to host computer(s) 80. One or more circuit board antennas 142 may be slave to several communications devices, as is battery 132.

In the triple sheet configuration of FIG. 17, housing 134 is contained in chamber 88 formed between plastic sheets 12 and 14. After first sheet 12 is thermoformed, a shuttle type delivery system is used to deliver housing 134 to chamber 88 such that flange 135 is selectively positioned upon first sheet 12. Concurrently, sheet 14 is thermoformed. The shuttle is extracted from the forming station, and interfacial fusion next occurs where sheets 12 and 14 are compressed together in the thermoforming operation. Housing 134 is enclosed between two sheets of plastic. Third sheet 10 is thermoformed over a third molding surface and subsequently brought into compressive contact with sheets 14 and 12. It is not necessary that sheet 10 fuse under compression with sheet 14 at the location of interrogator chamber 88. Before (die cut in mold) or after pallet 4 exits the thermoforming operation, an orifice on sheet 12, adjacent threaded section 135, is removed (by trimming) to later receive battery pack 132 affixed to plate 136. Alternatively, it may be advantageous to place housing 134 into a chamber formed by sheets 14 and 10. It may also be advantageous to chill the plate so that when the plate expands thermally, it produces a more robust closure.

The wireless interrogator is instructed to identify a plurality or sub-set of the RFID tags associated with articles supported upon the pallet. Thus, a pallet would be able to perform, for example, its own inventory check by arrangement.

The present invention is further advantageous over conventional systems, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,936,527, since inserting a wireless active interrogator in a plastic pallet of the present invention allows transportability and can be instructed to perform an operation anywhere or at any selected time within the wireless network. Examples of such a wireless network includes digital telephony, satellite communications, wireless Internet, microwave, cellular transmission and the like. Among other alternative embodiments of this aspect, is an optional renewable power supply device 351 (see FIG. 16) that rectifies voltage generated by antenna coils into stored energy in a battery at the interrogator in the plastic pallet or container. This affects battery size, replacement schedules, and other problems associated with wireless active interrogators. This renewable device generates energy, which recharges the associated battery, spring or other power reservoir in response to external agitational movement of the pallet during transit. The internal mechanism for the renewable device can be made in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,213 entitled “Ultra-flat Self Winding Watch” which issued to Grimm on Feb. 19, 1985, and is incorporated be reference herein. The internal circuitry is shown in FIG. 24 wherein the capacitor acts as the power storage reservoir. Renewable device 351, employs an oscillating weight 361, rotor 370, top generating coil block 365, circuit block 367 with an integrated circuit 370, bottom generating coil 369, capacitor/condenser 371 and battery/power source 373. Battery 373 is electrically connected to the communications device, which includes an active tag 375, and interrogator 377 and a communicator 379.

Moreover, the wireless active interrogators could also be positioned within a molded structure forming part of the plastic pallet. A battery supply information field could be part of the manufacturing memory tag or third party pallet management memory array as preventative maintenance schedule field.

Yet another advantage of the aspect of encapsulating a plurality of RFID devices within the structure of a thermoformed pallet is that the same pallet can be tracked through different networks that interface according to differing substantially proprietary protocols. There are several popular data encoding methods, at least three data modulation standards and a handful of proprietary anti-collision backscatter formats. It is unlikely that in future, one device will be able to interface will all deployed systems, because an open standard for interoperability has not overcome issues with respect to proprietary technologies. There is also a range of operating environments and computer operating system platforms to interface with. A combination of devices within one product that enables functionality at many locations with pre-existing system infrastructures will help propel the plastic pallet through the distribution system. Notwithstanding one tag device with several proprietary circuits could be coupled with one or more memory chips, and one antenna coil.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, one or a plurality of RFID devices may be provided within a single plastic pallet. For example, one such tag may be dedicated to manufacturing, material and recycle information storage. One tag may be specifically adapted for pallet tracking within the distribution system. The pallet may also host a third RFID device specified by third parties for specialized inventory tracking activities within closed-loop or associated distribution networks. A fourth tag may be developed to consolidate the data arrays of several tags transported upon the pallet for more efficient data compression and transfer. A fifth tag may be adapted for interfacing with the RFID systems deployed by the trucking industry. Accordingly, one or more RFID devices may be embedded within one pallet to facilitate one or more operations according to different implementation objectives that ultimately increase the efficiency of plastic pallets.

According to this additional preferred aspect of the present invention, one RFID device maybe used during the manufacturing process. A relatively simple, programmable passive RFID device that provides a bi-directional interface for one-time programming and multiple readings of the memory is used. The tag on the plastic sheet is interrogated to instruct the PLC of the thermoforming machine how the sheet is to be processed. In one such example, even though the standard 48 inch by 40 inch wooden pallet is designed to carry 2,800 pounds, the GMA claims approximately 30% of the unit loads weigh less than 1,000 pounds, and 66% of unit loads weight less than 2,000 pounds. Accordingly, the preferred thermoforming method may be used to produce a select range of standard plastic pallets, that are produced using different plastic formulations and processing guidelines, to meet different distribution system needs. The machine PLC may then be instructed to communicate to the tooling to instruct the tooling how to process the successive sheets. The thermoforming machine, production tooling and sheet materials thus interface with each other to recognize, synchronize, authenticate, implement and record manufacturing results to a manufacturing biased host computer. The memory array of the proposed device is limited to read-only data transmission and is disabled from accepting further programming or erasing instructions once the pallet is made but before the tagged pallet enters the pallet supply stream. The memory array of the manufacturing related RFID device will contain information pertaining to manufacture date, serial number, load bearing capabilities, operating temperatures, material composition, repair instructions, expiration date, recycling requirements, ownership, ISO certificates and the like. The data contained in the array could be tailored toward the needs of a third party pallet rental/leasing company, which can schedule and perform RFID and pallet maintenance.

This embodiment is explained in more detail as follows, with reference to FIG. 18. An end user customer requests a custom made final product by communicating his specifications manually to a sales office or through a remote electrical communications interface, such as the Internet. The control system computer will use predetermined algorithms and look up tables to automatically determine the optimum manufacturing criteria for these customer specifications. The determined manufacturing criteria is subsequently communicated to the tag manufacturing plant's local host computer.

The tags are sequentially deposited upon a roll at which point the tags receive selective data information which is pre-programmed or stored in the memory of each tag. The pre-formed sheets, containing the RFID tag, are subsequently conveyed to the thermoforming plant or machinery for processing into end products, shown in the figure as product A and product B.

The RFID tag on the sheet traverse and travel through the interrogation filed prior to entry of the sheet into the thermoforming machine. Data previously stored and programmed into the RFID tag memory is thereby communicated to the thermoforming machine PLC attached to the interrogator. The PLC thereby analyses the received data and adjusts the manufacturing operation and machinery as predetermined for the specific data criteria analyzed.

For example, fire retardant fillers in the plastic sheet require a longer period of time for heating in the ovens. Thus, data regarding the presence of fire retardant materials, which has been previously programmed or stored in the RFID tag memory, instructs the PLC of its presence and the PLC then controls the machinery to provide increased heat in the ovens for the specific sheet about to enter the ovens. The next sheet to be processed many not have a fire retardant filler and thus the PLC will accordingly vary the machinery and processing operation to reduce the oven heat applied to that subsequent sheet to be processed. In another example, an end product may be desired to have a metal frame inserted for increased load bearing strength. When the interrogator receives this information from the RFID tag attached to a sheet to be processed, the PLC operating the processing machinery will then instruct an auxiliary input A machine to insert a metal frame between a pair of sheets being processed. This can be done by a robotic arm or through other automation. The process is completed according to the preprogrammed manufacturing instructions in the machinery PLC, as altered or varied by data stored in the RFID tag for each sheet being processed. After completion, the. PLC communicates the record of completion to a network computer for billing purposes and other statistical process control information.

Still according to this aspect of the present invention, one or more RFID devices can be used to identify, locate and track a pallet within the distribution network throughout the pallet's life cycle. In the manner, computer based tools can be utilized to increase the velocity of the pallet through the system. In other words, the pallets are managed as an asset rather than an expense. The pallet is tracked using a more complex programmable RFID device that provides a variety of operating modes (single tag/multiple tag environments), including multiple write and read (EEPROM) capabilities. Tagged pallets traverse interrogation fields distributed throughout the distribution network to record the pallet's progress through the distribution system. The RFID devices include anti-collision modulation options to resolve backscatter when multiple tags are in the same interrogation fields. Automatic pallet material handling equipment is upgraded to accommodate readers and communicators. Supply chain management and control of the movement of pallets through the distribution system are facilitated with real-time data input from the integrated RFID system. Host, interrogator and tag interface according to various implementation criteria, such as last scan time & date, movement order number field, “from” field, “to” field, shipper field, pallet rental release field, and pallet return instructions. RFID technology provides a two-way flow of information between the pallet and the system server to help propel the pallet through the distribution system. The RFID device may also carry its own electronic manifest. A more efficient use of plastic pallets will reduce the total number of pallets required by the over all distribution system.

According to a further feature of the invention, each RFID device that may be contained in the pallet may be developed to operate on different radio frequencies (13.56 megahertz to 2.45 gigahertz) in order to optimize system performance and minimize the cost of interrogators and tags. Each device may use a different coding waveform algorithm to reduce data recovery errors, bandwidth problems, synchronization limitations and other system design and cost considerations. For example, the pallet manufacturer does not need interrogation systems interfacing with the tracking systems, and versa visa. Thus, a less elaborate and costly RFID system is needed by the thermoforming manufacturer to deploy RFID systems. Similar tag device transmissions may be echeloned according to prescribed system criteria or other pallet management tools or model algorithms.

As Faraday's law and Lenz's law are well known, it is also understood that the parallel orientation, and distance between the reader and tag antenna coils in respect of each other are important for the successful operation of passive RFID devices in particular. Read range is lower in higher frequency passive RFID devices. Furthermore, it is understood that induction is maximized when the antenna coils are perpendicular to the direction of the radio frequency signal. Therefore, another feature of the present invention provides for encapsulation of RFID devices within the structure of the plastic pallet. In one embodiment, an interrogator is contained in a vertical freestanding structure off to the side of the path traveled by the RFID device. Accordingly, the antenna coils located in the interrogator and pallet are vertically oriented in approximate parallel condition to facilitate a proper signal transmission. In another embodiment, an interrogator is placed upon or under ground along the path traveled by the pallet, or alternatively suspended from above. In such an arrangement, it is advantageous to orient the respective antenna coils substantially horizontal in an approximate parallel condition to facilitate induction. These later arrangements would be difficult to duplicate and implement with wooden pallets because water absorbed by the wood would impede or reflect the RF signal away from the tag antenna.

A further preferred method of attaching RFID tags to polymeric sheets is as follows, with reference to FIG. 19. A polyethylene or polypropylene sheet 501 is created by an extruder 503 and a pair of opposed rolls 505. The continuously created sheet is then fed through an indexer 507 at which point RFID tags 509 are fed from tag rolls 511 which are deposited in a spaced fashion upon an upper surface of sheet 501. A narrow roll of polyethylene or polypropylene film 513 is simultaneously unwound from a film roll 517 and then compressed by a spring biased application roller 519 upon sheet 501 and covering each tag 509. The film is thermally bonded to sheet 501 by compression of heated spring biased application roller 519. The continuous sheet 501 is subsequently sheared or cut into separate preformed sheets 521 by a shearing machine 523.

It is alternately envisioned that the film is colored so that it can be used to indicate tag location inside of a pallet for correct orientation to provide accurate readings as previously disclosed. For example, a plurality of colored films may be applied to denote RFID tag implementation criteria. For example, FIGS. 20 and 21 show a four-up sheet wherein one operation yields four formed parts; in other words, four pre-formed sheets, with respective RFID tags, are not severed until after thermoforming. Film 513 is shown in two distinct and parallel, elongated locations covering RFID tags 509 upon the four-up sheet 521. Film 513 further protects the underlying tags 509 as the leading edge 531 of a subsequently severed sheet is angularly moved along a lower sheet 521 during stacking.

Another preferred embodiment application of the thermoforming and communications device technology is shown in FIG. 22. In this embodiment, a gasoline fuel tank 601, such as those used with an automobile, motorcycle, all-terrain vehicle, airplane, boat or other motorized vehicle, is made using twin or triple sheet thermoforming. Tank 601 is made of three, three-dimensionally formed sheets of plastic, 603, 605 and 607, respectively, which are all joined together during processing. A bottom hollow section 609 operably contains a liquid, such as gasoline fuel. A top hollow section 611 contains fuel filler, filter, and other standard devices 613 necessary for the operation of tank 601.

A communications device 621 is attached to an inside surface of sheet 607 within top hollow section 611 prior to thermoforming, as was previously disclosed herein with the pallet manufacturing. As the fuel is removed for engine combustion, environmentally hazardous gases are left to fill the space unoccupied by the fuel. Top hollow section 611 acts as a reservoir that contains the harmful gases that would otherwise escape through the devices 613 into the environment. The devices 613 can also recirculate the gas back into the lower hollow sections 609, in a conventional manner. An instrument section of communications device 621 is operable to inspect and monitor the barrier performance of top hollow section 611 to ensure compliance with governmental regulations. When the vehicle is inspected, the data generated and stored by the instrument of device 621 is then conveyed through radio frequency communications to an external monitoring device operated by the governmental regulating authority for inspection purposes. The instrument section of device 621 can be battery activated in an active manner to provide regular intervals of inspection, can be passive to receive power when externally interrogated, or can be triggered one time when a predetermined threshold is met.

A further preferred application of the present invention is shown in FIG. 23. A bulk container 701 operably carries a hazardous material therein. For example, a two-part polyurethane container system is made from three sheets 703, 705 and 707 which are thermoformed and joined as previously disclosed herein to provide container 701 with two reservoirs 709 and 711. Flange plates 713 and 715, having threads, are formed onto container 701 to receive metering pump elements (not shown). These flange plates are made in accordance with those disclosed for battery replacement in the pallets. Pockets or receptacles 717 are created between adjacent internal sheets 703 and 705 at an overlapping margin to receive RFID tag devices. The RFID tags perform a range of functions which include recording of chemical formulas of material contained within reservoirs 709 and 711, storage of safety data for storing, clean up information, worker injury information (such as that traditionally contained on a material safety data sheet), temperatures, thermal shock, and for disposal instructions. This data can later be interrogated by and external interrogator or the like.

While the preferred embodiment of the thermoformed pallet having a radio frequency device has been disclosed, it should be appreciated that other variations may be employed. For example, with a shuttle type delivery system and methodology, the gantry and laminator apparatus are not required. There are several other methodologies that may be used to practice the useful purposes of embedding sophisticated communications and other technological devices within the structure of a plastic pallet 2. Furthermore, analog or solid state circuitry can be employed instead of the microprocessors, integrated circuits and computers disclosed. There are a number of different reinforcing structures that can be molded into two or more sheets of plastic to reinforce the area around the devices 16. It is not necessary to form a complete chamber in plastic, so long as device 16 remains in the areas developed to protect the device from thermoforming shock, and operating wear and tear. It is also understood that access to the devices may be from the top or bottom in the wide variety of pallets contemplated in the present methodology. Furthermore, the RFID tags can also be attached to other heat and pressure formable sheets, such as cardboard, fiberglass, or the like, prior to three dimensional forming of the sheets. Additionally, the RFID tags and other electrical communications devices can be employed to monitor food conditions within a food container. While various materials have been disclosed, it should be appreciated that other materials can be employed. It is intended by the following claims to cover these and any other departures from the disclosed embodiments which fall within the true spirit of this invention. 

1. A container manifest tracking system comprising: a radio frequency identification (RFID) contents reader affixed to a container in which a plurality of RFID tagged items are disposed, said contents reader having an effective range sufficient to reach all said tagged items, and being configured to periodically collect identification information from all of said tagged items, a manifest database affixed to said container, accessible by said contents reader and storing said periodically collected information, a timer affixed to said container and accessible by said contents reader to said periodic collection, and an active RFID tag emulator affixed to said container configured to respond to an external reader activation code by receiving said periodically collected information stored in said manifest database and transmitting said identification information to said external reader.
 2. An automated method comprising: affixing a radio frequency identification (RFID) contents reader to a container in which a plurality of RFID tagged items are disposed, said contents reader having an effective range sufficient to reach all said tagged items, periodically collecting identification information by said contents reader from all of said tagged items, storing said periodically collected information by said contents reader in a manifest database also affixed to said container; and emulating an active RFID tag emulator affixed to said container responsive to an external reader activation code by receiving said periodically collected information stored in said manifest database and transmitting said identification information to said external reader.
 3. A container manifest tracking system comprising: a radio frequency identification (RFID) contents reader affixed to a container in which a plurality of RFID tagged items are disposed, said contents reader configured to collect and store identification information from all of the said tagged items, and an active RFID tag emulator affixed to said container configured to respond to an external reader activation code by receiving said collected information from said affixed RFID contents reader, and by transmitting said identification information to said external reader.
 4. The system as set forth in claim 3 further comprising: a manifest database affixed to said container, accessible by said contents reader, and storing said periodically collected information; and a contents discriminator configured to apply one or more logical rules to information received from said tagged items to reduce false additions of items to said manifest database.
 5. The system as set forth in claim 3 further comprising: a manifest database affixed to said container, accessible by said contents reader, and storing said periodically collected information, and a contents discriminator configured to apply one or more logical rules to information received from said tagged items to reduce false removal of items from said manifest database.
 6. The system as set forth in claim 3 further comprising: a manifest database affixed to said container, accessible by said contents reader, and storing said periodically collected information; and a manifest event log configured to receive and store indications of changes to said manifest database from said contents reader.
 7. The system as set forth in claim 3 further comprising a hierarchical data structure stored in one or more computer readable media comprising: a set of item identifiers associated with a set of items stored in said container, each of said item identifiers being maintained by an RFID tag associated with one and only one item and reportable only to said contents tracker, a manifest database associated with said container and modifiable only by said contents tracker and reportable only to an external reader, and an external container inventory stored in a manner physically disassociated with said container, and maintained by an external reader.
 8. The system as set forth in claim 3 wherein: a first communication protocol between said contents tracker and said tagged items is distinguishable from a second communication protocol between said contents tracker and said external reader.
 9. The system set forth in claim 8 wherein said first protocol is a low-frequency RFID protocol, and wherein said second protocol is a high-frequency RFID protocol.
 10. An automatic method comprising: affixing a radio frequency identification (RFID) contents reader to a container in which a plurality of RFID tagged items are disposed, affixing an RFID emulator to said container, collecting by said RFID contents reader identification information from said tagged items disposed in said container, receiving said collected identification information by said RFID tag emulator from said RFID contents reader, and responsive to an external reader activation code, emulating an RFID tag by said RFID tag emulator by transmitting said collected identification information to said external reader.
 11. The method as set forth in claim 10 further comprising: storing said collected identification in a manifest database associated with said RFID contents reader, and discriminating using one or more logical rules to reduce false additions of items to said manifest database.
 12. The method as set forth in claim 10 further comprising: storing said collected identification in a manifest database associated with said RFID contents reader, and discriminating using one or more logical rules to reduce false removal of items from said manifest database.
 13. The method as set forth in claim 10 further comprising: storing said collected identification in a manifest database associated with said RFID contents reader, and storing indications of changes to said manifest database in a manifest event log.
 14. The method as set forth in claim 10 further comprising producing a hierarchical data structure stored in one or more computer readable media by: associating a set of item identifiers with a set of items stored in said container, each of said item identifiers being maintained by an RFID tag associated with one and only one item and reportable only to said contents tracker, associating a manifest database with said container in a manner which is modifiable only by said contents tracker and reportable only to an external reader, and storing an external container inventory in a manner physically disassociated with said container, and maintained by an external reader.
 15. An article of manufacture comprising: a radio frequency identification (RFID) contents reader affixed to a container in which a plurality of RFID tagged items are disposed, an RFID emulator affixed to said container, a computer readable medium suitable for encoding software, and disposed to be accessed by said RFID contents reader and by said RFID emulator, and one or more software programs encoded in said medium configured to performing the steps of: collecting by said RFID contents reader identification information from said tagged items disposed in said container, receiving said collected identification information by said RFID tag emulator from said RFID contents reader, and responsive to an external reader activation code, emulating an RFID tag by said RFID tag emulator by transmitting said collected identification information to said external reader.
 16. The article as set forth in claim 15 further comprising software program encoded by said computer readable medium configured to discriminate using one or more logical rules to reduce false additions of items to a manifest database.
 17. The article as set forth in claim 15 further comprising: software program encoded by said computer readable medium configured to discriminate using one or more logical rules to reduce false removal of items from a manifest database.
 18. The article as set forth in claim 15 further comprising: software program encoded by said computer readable medium configured to store indications of changes in a computer readable manifest event log.
 19. The article as set forth in claim 15 further comprising software program encoded by said computer readable medium configured to produce a hierarchical data structure stored in one or more computer readable media by: associating a set of item identifiers with a set of items stored in said container, each of said item identifiers being maintained by an RFID tag associated with one and only one item and reportable only to said contents tracker, associating a manifest database with said container in a manner which is modifiable only by said contents, tracker and reportable only to an external reader, and storing an external container inventory in a manner physically disassociated with said container, and maintained by an external reader.
 20. A method to improve polling accuracy in a radio frequency identification (RFID) system, the method comprising: creating a current set of inventory information for a shipping container, wherein the current set is based on data of RFID tags attached to a plurality of items in the shipping container; wherein further the current set is generated via an interrogation by a first tag reader of the plurality subsequent to the plurality being placed in the shipping container, wherein further the first tag reader is either inside or attached to the shipping container, storing, by the first tag reader, the current set in a container tag, wherein the container tag comprises an RFID tag inside or attached to the shipping container, and receiving, by a second tag reader, data of at least some of the current set from the container tag, wherein the second tag reader is located external to the shipping container.
 21. A radio frequency identification (RFID) polling apparatus, the apparatus comprising: A first tag reader configured to be placed in a shipping container, wherein the shipping container is arranged to contain a first plurality of items, wherein further the first tag reader is configured to interrogate the shipping container and generate data of a current inventory based on transmissions of an interrogation of RFID tags attached to the first plurality of items subsequent to the first plurality of items being placed in the shipping container, wherein further the first tag reader is configured to update the data of the current inventory based on periodic interrogations; and a container tag configured to be placed in or on the shipping container, wherein the container tag is configured to store the data of the current inventory and transmit at least a portion of the data of the current inventory to a second tag reader located outside the shipping container. 